<p>The Bond Building is an historic office building located at 1400 New York Avenue, N.W., in downtown Washington, D.C. It was designed by architect George S. Cooper in 1901. The building was constructed by Charles Henry Bond, for an estimated $300,000. A developer bought the building in 1979, and applied for a demolition permit.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, D.C. Superior Court Judge William E. Stewart, Jr. blocked demolition in 1980. In 1983, the building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>John J. Earley Office and Studio is a historic home at 2131 G Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was the home and studio of John Joseph Earley, an architect and sculptor, from 1907 to 1936.</p><br>
<p>It was at this studio where he experimented with plaster and stucco, and then developed the exposed aggregate concrete that he called "architectural concrete". This construction technique, also known as Polychrome, or Earley concrete, may be seen in many buildings, Polychrome Historic District, the Fountain of Time, Parthenon (Nashville), and in Meridian Hill Park.</p><br>
<p>He renovated the interior in 1911.</p><br>
<p>In 1921, he covered the façade with his architectural concrete.</p><br>
<p>He moved out after losing permission to build a crushing plant at this location.</p><br>
<p>On his deathbed, he sold the Earley Studio to Basil Taylor for a dollar. The Taylor family continued to use the studio until 1973.</p><br>
<p>The George Washington University acquired the property, and uses it as offices and as a dance studio.</p><br>
<p>It is a part of the Historic Preservation Plan, by George Washington University, adopted by the D.C. Historic Preservation Review Board.</p><br>
<p>The LEnfant Plan for the city of Washington is the urban plan developed in 1791 by Major Pierre  Charles LEnfant for George Washington, the first president of the United States. It is regarded as a landmark in urban design and has inspired plans for other world capitals such as Brasilia, New Delhi, and Canberra. In the United States, plans for Detroit, Indianapolis, and Sacramento took inspiration from the plan for Washington, DC.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>LEnfant was a French artist and engineer who served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. In 1789, discussions were underway regarding a new federal capital city for the United States, and LEnfant wrote to President Washington asking to be commissioned to plan the city. However, any decision on the capital was put on hold until July 1790 when Congress passed the Residence Act. The legislation specified that the new capital should be situated on the Potomac River, at some location between the Eastern Branch (the Anacostia River) and the Conococheague Creek near Hagerstown, Maryland. The Residence Act gave authority to President Washington to appoint three commissioners to oversee the survey of the federal district and provide public buildings to accommodate the Federal government in 1800.</p><br>
<p>In 1791, Washington appointed L&#39;Enfant to plan the new federal city, under the supervision of three commissioners whom Washington had earlier appointed to oversee the planning and development of the territory that became the District of Columbia. Included in the new district were the riverport towns of Georgetown (formerly in Montgomery County, Maryland) and Alexandria, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Jefferson, who was serving as Washingtons secretary of state, worked with Washington in the overall planning of the nations capital. Jefferson sent LEnfant a letter outlining his task, which was to provide a drawing of suitable sites for the federal city and the public buildings. Jefferson had modest ideas for the capital. However, LEnfant saw the task as far more grandiose, believing that he was also devising the city plan and designing the buildings. He would also taken inspiration from the work of André Le Nôtre, Domenico Fontanas plan for Rome and Sir Christopher Wrens unrealized plan for London.</p><br>
<p>LEnfant arrived in Georgetown on March 9, 1791, and began his work from Suters Fountain Inn. Washington arrived on March 28 to meet with LEnfant and the commissioners for several days. LEnfant was also provided a roll of maps by Jefferson depicting Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Strasbourg, Paris, Orleans, Bordeaux, Lyon, Marseille, Turin, and Milan. On June 22, LEnfant presented his first plan for the federal city to the president. On August 19, he appended a new map to a letter that he sent to the president. Washington retained a copy of one of LEnfant&#39;s plans, showed it to the Congress, and later gave it to the three commissioners.</p><br>
<p>In November 1791, LEnfant secured the lease of quarries at Wigginton Island and southeast along Aquia Creek to supply well-regarded Aquia Creek sandstone for the foundation of the Congress House. However, his temperament and insistence that his city design be realized as a whole brought him into conflict with the commissioners, who wanted to direct the limited funds into construction of federal buildings, and they had Jeffersons support in the matter. Ultimately, George Washington dismissed him due to insubordination.</p><br>
<h2>The Plan</h2><br>
<p>LEnfants "plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of the United States..." encompassed an area bounded by the Potomac River, the Eastern Branch, the base of the escarpment of the Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line, and Rock Creek (named on the plan as Pine Creek).</p><br>
<p>The plan specified that most streets would be laid out in a grid. To form the grid, some streets (later named for letters of the alphabet) would travel in an east–west direction, while others (named for numbers) would travel in a north–south direction. Broader diagonal grand avenues, later named after the states of the Union, crossed the north–south-east/west grid. These "grand avenues" intersected with the north–south and east–west streets at circles and rectangular plazas that would later honor notable Americans and provide open space.</p><br>
<p>LEnfants plan additionally laid out a system of canals (later designated as the Washington City Canal) that would pass the Congress House and the Presidents House. One branch of the canal would empty into the Potomac River south of the Presidents House at the mouth of Tiber Creek, which would be channelized and straightened. The other branch of the canal would channelize James Creek and would divide and empty into the Eastern Branch at two separate points near the Eastern Branch&#39;s confluence with the Potomac River. The scale and complexity of the canals in the 1791-92 plan and its revisions suggested the importance of the canals within the grand design of the city, with important structures located along its banks—the proposed National Pantheon, Judiciary Square, a market/exchange complex, a national bank and theater, as well as a grand church complex.</p><br>
<h3>"Congress House"</h3><br>
<p>The Congress House (known as the United States Capitol) would be built on Jenkins Hill (later to be known as Capitol Hill), which LEnfant described as a "pedestal awaiting a monument". Emphasizing the importance of the new nations legislature, the Congress House would be located on a longitude designated as 0:0. John Trumbull was given a tour of Jenkins Hill; Trumbull confirmed in his autobiography that the concept for a "great circular room and dome" had originated with LEnfant. After LEnfants dismissal, a competition was held for the design of the Congress House. A plan by Dr. William Thornton, a Scottish-trained physician from Tortola, British West Indies, was praised by President Washington for its "grandeur, simplicity, and convenience," leading to its acceptance on April 5, 1793, with Washingtons formal approval on July 25.</p><br>
<h3>"President&#39;s House"</h3><br>
<p>The Presidents House would be situated on a ridge parallel to the Potomac River north of the mouth of Tiber Creek, which LEnfant proposed to canalize. LEnfant envisioned the Presidents House to have public gardens and monumental architecture. Reflecting his grandiose visions, he specified that the Presidents House (occasionally referred to as the Presidents Palace) would be five times the size of the building that was actually constructed, even then becoming the largest residence then constructed in America. After LEnfants dismissal, James Hoban was selected to design the building.</p><br>
<h3>The Mall</h3><br>
<p>A prominent geometric feature of LEnfants plan was a large right triangle whose hypotenuse was a wide avenue (now part of Pennsylvania Avenue, NW) connecting the Presidents House and the Congress House. To complete the triangle, a line projecting due south from the center of the Presidents House intersected at a right angle a line projecting due west from the center of the Congress House. A 400 ft garden-lined grand avenue containing a public walk (later to know as the National Mall) would travel for about 1 mi along the east–west line.</p><br>
<p>In 1793, a wooden marker was placed at the triangle&#39;s southwest corner (the intersection of the cross axis of the White House and the Capitol). A small stone obelisk, the Jefferson Pier, replaced the marker in 1804.</p><br>
<h3>Squares and Public Spaces</h3><br>
<p>The 15 states at the time were each allocated a square to build on and decorate as they saw fit. They would be located along the avenues and were to be easily visible from each other to engender friendly competition. The plan identified some of the circles and rectangular plazas as numbered reservations. The plan&#39;s legends identified uses for other open spaces that letters in the alphabet identified. Other legends specified the widths of grand avenues and streets.</p><br>
<h2>Plan References</h2><br>
<p>Along the margins of the plan and map was a key of references authored by L&#39;Enfant himself.</p><br>
<h3>Reference A</h3><br>
<p>"THE equestrian figure of George Washington, a monument voted in by the late Continental Congress."</p><br>
<h3>Reference B</h3><br>
<p>“An historic column – also intended for a mile or itinerary column, from whose station, (a mile from the Federal house) all distances of places through the Continent, are to be calculated” (now the site of Lincoln Park)</p><br>
<h3>Reference C</h3><br>
<p>"A Naval itinerary Column, proposed to be erected to celebrate the first prize of a Navy and to stand a ready Monument to consecrate its progress and achievements...."</p><br>
<h3>Reference D</h3><br>
<p>"The Church is intended for national purposes such as public prayer, Thanksgiving, funeral orations, and assigned to no special sect or denomination, but equally open to all. It will be likewise a proper shelter as were voted by the late Continental Congress, for those heroes that fell in the cause of liberty, as for such others as may hereafter by decreed by the voice of a grateful nation." (Now the site of the National Portrait Gallery)</p><br>
<h3>Reference E</h3><br>
<p>"Five grand fountains intended with a constant spout of water. N. B. There are within the limits of the City above 25 good springs of excellent water abundantly supplied in the driest season of the year."</p><br>
<h3>Reference F</h3><br>
<p>"Grand Cascade, formed of water from the sources of the Tiber."</p><br>
<h3>Reference G</h3><br>
<p>"Public walk, being a square of 1200 feet, through which carriages may ascend to the upper Square of the Federal House."</p><br>
<h3>Reference H</h3><br>
<p>"Grand Avenue, 400 feet in breadth, and about a mile in length, bordered with gardens, ending in a slope from the houses on each side. This Avenue leads to Monument A and connects the Congress Garden with the...</p><br>
<h3>Reference I</h3><br>
<p>President’s park and the...</p><br>
<h3>Reference K</h3><br>
<p>Well improved field being part of the public walk from the President’s house, of about 1800 feet in breadth, and ¾ a mile in length. Every lot deep colored red with green plots, designates some of the situations, which command the most agreeable prospects, and which are the best calculated for spacious houses and gardens, such as may accommodate foreign ministers &</p><br>
<h3>Reference L</h3><br>
<p>Around this square, and all along the avenue</p><br>
<h3>Reference M</h3><br>
<p>Around the square of the Capitol along the Avenue from the two bridges to the Federal house, the pavement on each side will pass under an arched way, under whose cover Shops will be most conveniently and agreeably situated. This street is 160 feet in breadth and a mile long."</p><br>
<h3>Additional References</h3><br>
<p>"The squares colored yellow, being fifteen in number, are proposed to be divided among the several states, in the Union for each of them to improve or subscribe in additional value to the land that purpose and improvements round the Squares are to be completed in a limited time."</p><br>
<p>"The center of each Square will admit of Statues, Columns, Obelisks, or any other ornament such as the different States may choose to erect: to perpetuate not only the memory of such individuals whose counsels or Military achievements were conspicuous in giving liberty and independence to this Country; but also those whose usefulness hath rendered them worthy of general imitation, to invite the youth of succeeding generations to tread in the paths of those sages, or heroes whom their country has thought proper to celebrate."</p><br>
<p>"The situation of these Squares is such that they are the most advantageously and reciprocally seen from each other and as equally distributed over the whole City district, and connected by spacious avenues round the grand Federal Improvements and as contiguous to them, and at the same time as equally distant from each other, as circumstances would admit. The Settlements round those Squares must soon become connected.”</p><br>
<h2>Andrew Ellicott&#39;s revisions to the plan</h2><br>
<p>Under the direction of the commissioners, Andrew Ellicott had in 1791 been conducting the first survey of the boundaries of the federal district (the "Territory of Columbia") as well as assisting LEnfant in the planning and survey of the smaller federal city (the "City of Washington"). In February 1792, Ellicott informed the commissioners that LEnfant had not been able to have the city plan engraved and had refused to provide him with an original version of the plan for the city. Ellicott and his brother Benjamin then revised the plan, despite LEnfants protests.</p><br>
<p>Ellicotts revisions changed the citys planned layout. His changes included the straightening of a grand avenue (Massachusetts Avenue), the removal of LEnfants Square No. 15 and several other open spaces, as well as the conversions of some circles and arcs to rectangles and straight lines (one of which straightened an arc on the southern side of the present Judiciary Square). His revisions also identified LEnfants Congress House as the Capitol.</p><br>
<p>After President Washington dismissed LEnfant, Andrew Ellicott and his assistants continued the city survey in accordance with the revised plan, several versions of which were engraved, published, and distributed in Philadelphia and Boston. As a result, Ellicotts revision subsequently became the basis for the capital city&#39;s development.</p><br>
<p>Ellicotts most complete plan, engraved and printed in 1792 by Thackera and Valance in Philadelphia, contained the names of LEnfants grand avenues and East Capitol Street as well as lot numbers and the depths of the channels of the "Potomak" River and the Eastern Branch. This and other plans that Ellicott designed lacked both LEnfants name and the numerical designations for the reservations that LEnfant had placed in the plan. The legends in each conveyed less information that did those in LEnfants plan.</p><br>
<h2>Manuscripts and copies of the plan</h2><br>
<p>In a paper published in 1899, John Stewart, a civil engineer who was in charge of records in the United States Army Engineers Office of Public Buildings and Grounds,(2) wrote that President Washington had sent one of LEnfants handwritten plans to Congress on December 13, 1791. Stewart wrote that LEnfant had sent this plan to the president on August 19, 1791, and had also prepared a larger exact copy.</p><br>
<p>Stewart also wrote that President Washington had in December 1796 sent to the commissioners a plan of the city that had contained penciled directions from Thomas Jefferson that identified those parts of the plan that the plans engravers should omit. Stewart stated that he had discovered that plan in the commissioners office in 1873. He reported that the plan was still in that office in 1898.</p><br>
<p>During 1882, Stewart had been in charge of records that the Office of the United States Commissioner of Public Buildings was holding. In that year, he created a black and white copy of several portions of a manuscript plan of the federal capital city. The last line in an oval in the upper left corner of Stewarts reproduction contains the words "Peter Charles LEnfant", which are written in a typeface and alignment that are similar to those in the line that precedes it. Stewart certified that "this is a true copy of the original in this office".</p><br>
<p>Five years later, in 1887, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey prepared a colored tracing of a manuscript plan. The last line in the oval contained the words "By Peter Charles LEnfant", which were written in a serif typeface. The typeface and its alignment differed from those in the ovals preceding line.</p><br>
<p>Printers published the tracing in at least four formats, which together enabled the plan to be widely distributed for the first time. The printers added to each of the reproduced tracings a copy of a message that a survey assistant had sent to the surveys superintendent. The message stated that the acting secretary of the treasury had directed that the tracing be produced for the purposes of preservation and reproduction. The message further stated that the plans original manuscript was in a dilapidated state and had earlier been mounted on cotton cloth and varnished for preservation, rendering the manuscript "quite opaque".</p><br>
<p>The survey assistants message additionally contained a synopsis of letters requesting the tracing that a special assistant attorney for the United States, the United States attorney for the District of Columbia, the United States attorney general, the acting secretary of the treasury and the United States secretary of war had written. The assistant attorneys letter stated that pending litigation (see Morris v. United States ) had necessitated the plan&#39;s reproduction to enable the United States government to establish title of the Government to the Potomac Flats.</p><br>
<p>The assistant attorneys letter further stated that an office of the Corps of Engineers that was in charge of public buildings and grounds was holding the original plan, which had become so indistinct that it could not be accurately photographed. Several of the letter writers asked the Coast and Geodetic Survey to return the original manuscript plan to the War Department after the Survey had reproduced it, whereupon it was returned to the Corps Office of Buildings and Grounds.</p><br>
<p>In 1930, the chief of the Division of Maps at the Library of Congress compared the wording in one of reproduced tracings to the wording in an annex to a plan of the City of Washington which, according to a January 1792 publication, President Washington had recently sent to Congress and which contained the words "By Peter Charles L&#39;Enfant". The librarian concluded that the two maps were not the same.</p><br>
<p>A Library of Congress web page states that, on November 11, 1918, a map that L&#39;Enfant had prepared was presented to the Library of Congress for safekeeping. In a 1930 report to the National Capital Park and Planning Commission, William Partridge described the features and history of that map, as well as the changes that Andrew Ellicott had apparently made to the map. In a 1930 report to the National Capital Park and Planning Commission, William Partridge described the features and history of that map, as well as the changes that Andrew Ellicott had apparently made to the map.</p><br>
<p>Partridge noted that LEnfant had written that all of his drawings had been seized in December 1791, but that only one, a plan for the city of Washington, had been recovered. He further stated that although LEnfant had produced a number of versions of his plan, only one (an intermediate version) was still known to exist. Partridge concluded that the origin of that plan, which the Library of Congress was holding, was still in doubt. That plan, which the Library now holds in its Geography and Map Division, is still the only map of the capital city bearing LEnfants name that is widely known.</p><br>
<p>The library&#39;s web page states that, in 1991, to commemorate the two hundredth anniversary of the manuscript map, the Library of Congress, in cooperation with the National Geographic Society, the National Park Service and the United States Geological Survey, published an exact-size, full-color facsimile and an uncolored computer-assisted reproduction</p><br>
<p>The library states that these reproductions were the librarys first facsimiles to be based on photography and electronic enhancement technology. The library further states that, during the reproduction process, it was possible to record faint editorial annotations that Thomas Jefferson had made and which are now virtually illegible on the original map. Some of the differences between LEnfants and Ellicotts plans, including the name of the Capitol and the absence in Ellicotts plan of LEnfants name and some of his plans legends, reflect the instructions contained in Jefferson&#39;s annotations.</p><br>
<p>The library states (as did Partridge) that it is believed that its Plan is one that L&#39;Enfant submitted to President Washington in August 1791.</p><br>
<p>The library has in its collections a "Dotted line map of Washington, D.C., 1791" that lacks an authors name. The librarys notes state that this document is a "Ms. survey map drawn by P.C. LEnfant" and is "accompanied by positive and negative photocopies of LEnfants letter to George Washington, Aug. 19, 1791, the original in the LEnfant papers". (LEnfants papers include an August 19, 1791, letter to President Washington that contains an "annexed map of dotted lines".) The named plan would therefore be the one that LEnfant annexed to his June 22, 1791 letter to the president. Comparisons of Andrew Ellicotts February 1792 revision of LEnfants Plan with the two manuscript maps suggest that Ellicott had based his revision (which printers distributed soon after its preparation) on the August 1791 "dotted line map", rather than in June 1791 manuscript.</p><br>
<p>Today, various government agencies such as the National Capital Planning Commission and United States Commission of Fine Arts oversee development in the city and surrounding areas ensuring adherence to the L&#39;Enfant plan and its historical accuracy.</p><br>
<h2>Features of L&#39;Enfant Plan</h2><br>
<h3>Layout</h3><br>
<p>Broad avenues, dramatic vistas, squares and circles are some notable features found both in the plan and the city itself. However, some other features include triangular parks formed by the geometry of the plan. These spaces can be found across the city; they exist in LEnfants plan from the very beginning and serve as a green oasis, areas for commemorative statues, and fountains.</p><br>
<h3>The Center</h3><br>
<p>The importance of the location of "Congress House" cannot be understated. LEnfant viewed this structure as the center of the plan from which everything would radiate out, similar to the sun serving as the center of our solar system. LEnfant saw East Capitol Street not merely as a mundane passage but as the lifeblood of the capital, akin to a vital vein coursing through the heart of the city. Just as veins sustain an organism by distributing essential nutrients, East Capitol Street was envisioned to sustain the young nation by facilitating the flow of commerce, governance, and cultural exchange. See Reference M.</p><br>
<h3>Grid Variation</h3><br>
<p>The triangular parks, strategically placed at key intersections and along major thoroughfares, not only provided aesthetic value but also served functional purposes within the citys circulation system. They helped to break up the monotony of the grid pattern, adding visual interest and creating opportunities for urban design interventions. Additionally, some of these parks were designated for the placement of important monuments and memorials, contributing to the citys symbolic landscape.</p><br>
<p>Similarly, bow tie parks, named for their resemblance to a bow tie in shape, were another characteristic feature of LEnfants plan. These parks typically occupied irregularly shaped parcels of land at the confluence of major avenues or where diagonal avenues intersected with the city&#39;s grid. Like their triangular counterparts, bow tie parks served as focal points within the urban fabric, offering spaces for recreation, contemplation, and civic engagement.</p><br>
<h2>L&#39;Enfant Plan in Freedom Plaza</h2><br>
<p>In 1980, the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation constructed Western Plaza along Pennsylvania Avenue in Northwest Washington, D.C. Designed by architect Robert Venturi and renamed in 1988 to Freedom Plaza, the plaza contains an inlay that partially depicts the LEnfant Plan. The last line in an oval inscribed in the Plaza contains the words "By Peter Charles LEnfant" written in a serif typeface.</p><br>
<h2>List of contributing parks</h2><br>
<p>Reservation 1 President&#39;s Park</p><br>
<p>Reservation 2–6 National Mall; USA Capitol Grounds</p><br>
<p>Reservation 7 Judiciary Square</p><br>
<p>Reservation 8 Mount Vernon Square</p><br>
<p>Reservation 9 Franklin Square</p><br>
<p>Reservation 10 Lafayette Square</p><br>
<p>Reservation 11 McPherson Square</p><br>
<p>Reservation 12 Farragut Square</p><br>
<p>Reservation 13 Rawlins Park</p><br>
<p>Reservation 14 Lincoln Park</p><br>
<p>Reservation 15 Stanton Square</p><br>
<p>Reservation 16 Folger Park</p><br>
<p>Reservation 17 Garfield Park</p><br>
<p>Reservation 18 Marion Park</p><br>
<p>Reservation 25–27 Washington Circle</p><br>
<p>Reservation 32–33 Freedom Plaza</p><br>
<p>Reservation 35–36 Market Square</p><br>
<p>Reservation 38–43 Seward Square</p><br>
<p>Reservation 44–49 Eastern Market Metro</p><br>
<p>Reservation 59–61 Dupont Circle</p><br>
<p>Reservation 62–64 Scott Circle</p><br>
<p>Reservation 65–67 Thomas Circle</p><br>
<p>Reservation 68–69 Gompers Park</p><br>
<p>Reservation 152–154; 163–164 Logan Circle</p><br>
<p>Reservation 332 West Potomac Park</p><br>
<p>Reservation 333 East Potomac Park</p><br>
<p>Reservation 334 Columbus Plaza</p><br>
<p>Reservation 617 Pershing Park</p><br>
<h2>List of contributing avenues</h2><br>
<p>Connecticut Avenue</p><br>
<p>Delaware Avenue</p><br>
<p>Indiana Avenue</p><br>
<p>Kentucky Avenue</p><br>
<p>Louisiana Avenue</p><br>
<p>Maryland Avenue</p><br>
<p>Massachusetts Avenue</p><br>
<p>New Hampshire Avenue</p><br>
<p>New Jersey Avenue</p><br>
<p>New York Avenue</p><br>
<p>North Carolina Avenue</p><br>
<p>Pennsylvania Avenue</p><br>
<p>Georgia Avenue (renamed Potomac Avenue in 1908 and name reused on Brightwood Avenue)</p><br>
<p>Rhode Island Avenue</p><br>
<p>South Carolina Avenue</p><br>
<p>Tennessee Avenue</p><br>
<p>Vermont Avenue</p><br>
<p>Virginia Avenue</p><br>
<h2>List of contributing streets</h2><br>
<p>16th Street</p><br>
<p>Constitution Avenue</p><br>
<p>East Capitol Street</p><br>
<p>Independence Avenue</p><br>
<p>H Street</p><br>
<p>K Street</p><br>
<p>North Capitol Street</p><br>
<p>South Capitol Street</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Gompers Memorial is a bronze collection of statues in Washington, D.C., sited on a triangular park at the intersection of 11th Street, Massachusetts Avenue, and N Street NW. Samuel Gompers was an English-born American who grew up working in cigar factories, where he witnessed the long hours and dangerous conditions people experienced in factory jobs. He helped with growing the Cigar Makers&#39; International Union, and a few years later, founded the American Federation of Labor . The number of members rose from 50,000 to 3,000,000 during his time as president of the union. He was not only successful in expanding the power of the labor movement, but also increased its prestige.</p><br>
<p>A year after Gomper&#39;s death, it was suggested a memorial be placed in Washington, D.C., that would honor the labor hero. While fundraising for the project took place amongst AFL members, Robert Ingersoll Aitken was selected to create the sculptures. In 1933, the unveiling and dedication of the memorial, located just one block from the American Federation of Labor Building, took place. Amongst the dignitaries present at the ceremony were a number of labor leaders, Eleanor Roosevelt, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who spoke at the event.</p><br>
<p>The memorial has been repaired on occasion since its installation. The lot where the statue stands was renamed Samuel Gompers Memorial Park in 1955. The memorial depicts Gompers seated and six figures behind him, each representing a facet of labor history. The memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites in 2007, eight years after it was designated a contributing property to the Mount Vernon West Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Biography</h3><br>
<p>Samuel Gompers (1850–1924) was born in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, but moved with his family to New York when he was five. At a young age, he worked rolling cigars, witnessing the hardships faced by working-class people. This was the catalyst of his involvement with the labor movement in the 1870s. He assisted with growth of the Cigar Makers International Union, a few years before founding the American Federation of Labor in 1886, serving as president until his death. During World War I, he served on President Woodrow Wilsons Council of National Defense. Not only did he find a major union, but he was well known for enhancing the prestige of the labor movement in general, and for increasing the number of AFL workers from 50,000 to 3,000,000.</p><br>
<h3>Memorial plans</h3><br>
<p>In May 1925, the AFL agreed to construct a memorial in Washington, D.C., in honor of Gompers. A committee formed for the project included AFL president William Green, Matthew Woll, and Frank Duffy. Green said the decision to erect a memorial was unanimous amongst AFL leaders. The installation of the memorial was approved by Congress on March 5, 1928. The following year Frank Morrison and the sculptor chosen to create the statues, Robert Ingersoll Aitken, met with representatives from the United States Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) to seek their approval for the memorial&#39;s design. By that time a location for the memorial had been chosen, one block west of the American Federation of Labor Building.</p><br>
<p>The design shown to the CFA was originally an 8-feet (2.4 m) tall statue along with three 7-foot (2.1 m) statues of men dressed in overalls. These three statues would each hold a torch that would illuminate at night. There was to be a marble wall with seating and decorated with reliefs of pivotal moments in labor history.</p><br>
<p>In July 1933, site work began for the memorial. In addition to the sculptures by Aitken, the Fred Drew Company architectural firm designed the monument, Vitale and Geiffert were the landscape architects, and Roman Bronze Works was the founder. The $117,408 needed for the construction and installation of the memorial was paid for by members of the AFL.</p><br>
<h3>Dedication</h3><br>
<p>The memorial was dedicated on October 7, 1933, and temporary stands were built to accommodate 2,500 spectators. Another 5,000 onlookers attended the ceremony. Gompers great-grandson pulled the patriotic-colored veil off the memorial. Among those in were additional relatives of Gompers and actress Marie Dressler. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and his wife Eleanor, were also in attendance. Roosevelt gave a lengthy speech on Gompers history and the benefits of the AFL and other unions. Roosevelt noted the present version of the AFL and its affiliates "are in a broad sense giving the same kind of fine cooperation to your Government which Samuel Gompers and his associates gave to that same Government in the old days."</p><br>
<h3>Later history</h3><br>
<p>In 1955, the area surrounding the memorial was officially renamed Samuel Gompers Memorial Park. Due to erosion, cracks throughout the memorial, and patina forming on the bronze, it required repairs in the 1980s. The estimated cost of the repairs was $50,000. The AFL-CIO&#39; Metropolitan Washington Council began a fundraising campaign to restore the memorial. The national ALF-CIO made a $5,000 donation at the beginning of the fundraising. Due to financial problems, the restoration was tabled in 1983. After a report by an engineering firm that warned the memorial needed immediate repairs, the fundraising drive began in 1985, with a finished date the following year.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Gompers Memorial was added to the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites (DCIHS) on February 22, 2007, and the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on October 11, 2007. The memorial is a contributing property to the Mount Vernon West Historic District, more commonly known as the Shaw Historic District, which was added to the DCIHS on July 22, 1999, and the NRHP on September 9, 1999. The park is a contributing property to the L&#39;Enfant Plan, listed on the DCIHS on November 8, 1964, and the NRHP on April 24, 1997. The memorial is the only outdoor sculpture in Washington, D.C., honoring a labor leader.</p><br>
<h2>Location and design</h2><br>
<p>The memorial is located on Reservation 69, two trapezoidal lots between 10th Street, L Street, and Massachusetts Avenue, in the Shaw neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The memorial faces south towards Massachusetts Avenue NW. A small park with a statue of Edmund Burke is located across the street. There are trees and shrubbery planted in the park.</p><br>
<p>The bronze statue of Gompers is 8-feet (2.4 m) tall, and is resting on a seat at the front of the memorial. The total height of the memorial, including the other statues, is 21.4-feet (6.5 m), and the width is 12.2-feet (3.7 m). The Minnesota granite base is 18-inches (46 cm) high, 27-feet (8.2 m) long, and 16.3-feet (5 m) wide.</p><br>
<p>The memorial depicts Gompers sitting in a chair while holding a stack of papers. Behind him are six allegorical statues that represent the labor history of the USA The first statue, depicting a man sitting on the floor, represents the rise of the labor movement, while the seated statue on the other side is of a woman who represents home protection. There are two winged women behind the other statues, one holding a fasces, that both represent justice. Standing the closest to Gompers are two shirtless male statues who are grasping each other&#39;s hands. These two represent unity and cooperation. A 1930 steam locomotive engine is also present on the memorial, as are other symbols of union work.</p><br>
<h3>Inscriptions</h3><br>
<p>The inscription on the southeast side reads, "So long as we have held fast to voluntary principles and have been actuated and inspired by the spirit of service, we have sustained our forward progress and we have made our labor movement something to be respected and accorded a place in the councils of our republic. Where we have blundered into trying to force a policy or a decision even though wise and right, we have impeded if not interrupted the realization of our own aims."</p><br>
<p>On the southwest side it reads, "No lasting gain has ever come from compulsion. If we seek to force, we but tear apart that which united is invincible. There is no way whereby our labor movement may be assured and sustained progress in determining its policies and its plans other than sincere democratic deliberation until a unanimous decision is reached. This may seem a cumbrous, slow method to the impatient, but the impatient are more concerned for immediate triumph than for the education of constructive development."</p><br>
<p>On the back side, it reads, "Say to the organized workers of America that as I have kept the faith I expect that they will keep the faith. They must carry on. Say to them that a union man carrying a card is not a good citizen unless he upholds the institutions of our country and a poor citizen of our country if he upholds the institutions of our country and forgets the obligations of his trade association."</p><br>
<p>The East Inlet Trail in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, was established in 1913 to provide access from Grand Lake to a series of lakes 6 mi to the east of Grand Lake. The trail originates at the east stream inlet to Grand lake: confusingly, it is close to the west portal of the Alva B. Adams Tunnel which conveys water from the west side of the Continental Divide under the park to the east slope of the Rocky Mountains. The trail was developed further in the 1920s, but was still considered to be in poor condition. In the 1930s further improvements were made, and in 1934 workers from the Public Works Administration rebuilt the section between Lone Pine Lake and Lake Verna. In 1940 workers from the Civilian Conservation Corps improved 3 mile of trail beyond Adam Falls, building causeway sections through swampy areas. The trail was rebuilt again in 1970, and was improved between 2000 and 2003 with stone steps and handrails at Adam Falls.</p><br>
<p>The trail was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Simon Peter Eggertsen Sr. House is a historic house in Provo, Utah, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Now it has been repaired, repainted, and appointed with appropriate furnishings of the times, this home very much depicts pioneer design and craftsmanship. The Simon Peter Eggertsen Sr. House was designated to the Provo City Historic Landmarks Registry on March 7, 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1876, The Simon P. Eggertsen Sr. House is a -story brick house. The home still contains the original living room, central hall and stairway, parlor, and dining room. Since the home was first built, a kitchen and a bathroom are also included on the main floor. Three bedrooms and a bathroom, as well as two bedrooms in the attic, make up the second floor. The unfinished cellar serves as a storage unit. The inside of the home is still in great condition. “Its walnut bannisters and spindles, oak-grained woodwork and marble-grained plaster in the halls are extant, as are the fireplaces, casings, base and doors. The original room configurations and tall ceilings are also intact.”</p><br>
<h2>Simon Peter Eggertsen Sr.</h2><br>
<p>Eggertsen was born in Vestr, Skevhuset, Odense County, Fyen (a Danish island), on February 7, 1826.</p><br>
<p>Simon served in the army of Denmark from the year 1848 to 1850, and during that time attained the rank of a sergeant. In 1853 Eggertsen joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and served as a Danish missionary until he migrated to America four years later.</p><br>
<p>Once in America, Eggertsen, along with a group of twenty four other people, traveled across 1300 miles through the Great Basin, and into Salt Lake City, arriving September 13, 1857. The following year Eggertsen married a woman named Johanne Thomson. Once Simon and his family had settled in Provo, he traded his vest and coat for the property for his future home. The Eggertsen family lived in a one-room log house for 17 years before building the Simon Peter Eggertsen Sr. House. Eggertsen took the money he had earned through his hard work as a farmer, and spent it to send his children to Brigham Young Academy (now university), and used the leftover funds to build his new home. Eggertsen, speaking of the cost of the home, said “It took 50,000 bricks to build it. The (bricks) costed me 310 dollars. The carpenter work 1,000 dollars. In the spring we moved in and felt very grateful for our blessings (Call p. 1).” The home was built by Eggertsen and some of his friends that were Danish.</p><br>
<p>After the construction of the home, Simon Peter Eggertsen served another two years in Denmark as a missionary, and supported a large family. His son - Simon Jr., owned the West Co-op and served as an educator within the county for over fifty years. The home remained in the family until 1945, after which the home belonged to Mr. And Mrs. Craig M. Call.</p><br>
<p>The Hines Mansion is a historic house in Provo, Utah, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built in 1895 for R. Spencer Hines and his wife Kitty. At the time the mansion was built, it was recognized as one of the finest homes in Provo. The Hines Mansion was designated to the Provo City Historic Landmarks Registry on March 7, 1996.</p><br>
<h2>The House</h2><br>
<p>The R. Spencer and Kitty Hines Mansion is a Victorian-style mansion built in 1895 of brick with brown and orange coloration. Two and a half stories high, it is loosely square with four extended gabled wings. The main floor of the inside contains a kitchen, parlor, livingroom, and stairway. The second floor contains several rooms used as bedrooms originally. The decorative features visible from the outside of the home include stained glass, extended gabled wings, corbeled brick belt courses, and a corbeled dentil band which runs continuously around the entire building. The home is currently up to building-code standards and currently functions as a bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<h2>Russel and Kitty Hines</h2><br>
<p>R. Spencer Hines was a businessman who gained money from several avenues, namely real estate, business, and mining. Among other businesses he owned a drug store-saloon. At this time in Utahs history, liquor could technically only be sold for "medicinal purposes only" at drugstores. Hine was brought to court twice in a decade to contend about the amount of alcohol purchased from his store. His drug store, known as Hines Palace Drug Store, was managed by Charles A. Hedquist and located at 104 West Center.</p><br>
<p>Kitty Ann Leetham Hines was the daughter of Ann and John Leetham. John Leetham, her father, is listed in the city of Provo as a "Provo Indian War Veteran". After her husband died in 1898, Kitty was left alone to care for the mansion, its value estimated at $28,000. Kitty proved able to care for herself, by participating in many employment ventures, such as the Hines-Kimber Grocery and Heat Company, the Provo Mining Company (for which she served as vice president), the Lost Josephene Gold Mining Company, the Lead-Bullion Mining and Milling Company, and the state bank of Provo. The Provo Mining company was sold for twenty thousand dollars to the USA Smelting and Refining Company in 1914.</p><br>
<p>Kitty left the home in 1906, relocating to California. In 1922 her home was purchased by Bert and Sarah Bowen. Their daughter Maude married a Benjamin Frank Roper, and the house passed to them for 34 years.</p><br>
<p>Silver Row is a historic site located in Provo, Utah. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Silver Row Apartments * 621-645 West 100 North * Provo, Utah</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1890, the Silver Row Apartments were very representative of the times in the state of Utah. Row houses, such as these, were prevalent in the larger cities of Utah and represent much of the lower-income residential architecture of the time period. Few of these examples remain today, making these apartments a valuable and significant asset to the state of Utah&#39;s history. The Silver Row Apartments were designated to the Provo City Historic Landmarks Registry on April 26, 1996.</p><br>
<h3>Structure</h3><br>
<p>“Stylistically, the Row combines Greek Revival and Eastlake motifs into an overall symmetrical framework (Carter p. 1).” Silver Row Apartments consist of five single story brick apartment units set out in a line. The apartments share a gabled roof and common walls. The entire structure measures about 120 feet in length. The central door has a window on either side. The long windows are topped by relieving arches with decorative infill, similar to the decor over the doors. Decorative wood, arches, pendents, and other Victorian detailing distinguish this apartment&#39;s historical significance from others.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>The original owner of Silver Row was David P. Felt. Felt was born in Salt Lake City in 1860. After marrying Nora Civish, Felt relocated to Provo, Utah. Silver Row was built by him about 1890, but after three years Felt sold the apartments to Samuel S. Jones and Henry J. Maiben. Maiben stayed in one of the units with his family until he died, and his family stayed until the early 1920s. Samuel Jones sold his in interest in the property in 1902. In 1920 Joseph Nelson, an architect, bought the apartments and sold them six years later to George P. Parker, a wealthy judge residing in Provo. Parker retained the property until 1958, when Silver Row was purchased by Thomas O. And Judity W. Parker. B. Park Brockbank attained the apartments in 1973, after which Robert L. Gunther did in 1976. The title passed to Bob and Pop Investments, Inc. In 1977, after which it passed to John A. Riding in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The George M. Brown House is a historic residence in Provo, Utah, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built as a home for a "polygamous wife" of lawyer George M. Brown. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house is located at 284 East 100 North, within the Provo East Central Historic District, it was built in the 1880s, on property obtained from Abraham O. Smoot. This is a two-story, central-hall, vernacular type house. “The Brown House exhibits the verticality and decorative jigsaw work usually found in the Gothic Revival, but displays the horizontal siding, simulated quoins, and symmetry of the local building tradition." The house was designated to the Provo Historic Landmarks Registry on March 21, 1996.</p><br>
<p>Though built during the Victorian era, the George M. Brown House is a distinguished example of carpenter Gothic architecture. Containing thin wooden tracery, a monochromatic color scheme, and steep gables as well as other features, the Gothic style is very evident in this home. Builders&#39; increased focus on expenses, particularly the price of stone, led to the emergence of the Carpenter Gothic style. “The Brown home attempts to combine the best of two generations with its asymmetrical Victorian east elevation and its symmetrical, dormered north elevation which contains nearly all the elements of typical pioneer homes of the mid-1870s (Roberts p. 2).” Decorative elements on the home include bargeboards, Quoins, a bay window, chimneys, window trim, door trim, dormers, a cornice, siding, and windows.</p><br>
<h2>George M. Brown</h2><br>
<p>Born on April 5, 1842, in Macedonia, Illinois, George Mortimer Brown settled in Utah with his family in 1842. A member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, George served a mission to Norway in 1866, the same year he began his marriage to Elizabeth Olsen. After his mission, George became an attorney. In addition to Elizabeth, George married two more women - Amelia West and Pearl Wilson. Shortly after the initial construction of the home, Brown&#39;s first wife attained the title to it, and Brown and his two other wives and children left and settled in Colonia Díaz, a Mormon settlement in Mexico. He ran a store there until he died on July 6, 1894.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>The home Brown left for his first wife remained in the family until 1958, when G. Rulon Morgan obtained the property. Don R. Milner became the owner in 1971, and now the home is in the possession of Arnel Milner. The home has now been converted into apartment space.</p><br>
<p>The Timberline Cabin in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA was built in 1925 to house workers on the Fall River Road. The National Park Service rustic style cabin was designed by the National Park Services Landscape Engineering Division under the direction of Thomas Chalmers Vint. The cabin was later used as a patrol cabin and as a caretakers residence.</p><br>
<p>The one-story cabin stood above the timberline. It was built of concrete with a stone veneer. The roof framing used peeled logs with an asphalt roll roofing weather surface, protected by a log lattice on top. The cabin had two doors and ten windows, and measured about 32.33 ft by 16.33 ft.</p><br>
<p>The Timberline Cabin was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1988. It has since been demolished.</p><br>
<p>The Holzwarth Historic District comprises a series of cabins built by the Holzwarth family as a guest ranch inholding within the boundaries of Rocky Mountain National Park, at Grand Lake, Colorado. The Holzwarths made their homestead in the Kawuneeche Valley in 1917, two years after the establishment of the park, and received a patent on the homestead in 1923. Guest ranch use began in 1919 and continued until the ranch was purchased by The Nature Conservancy in 1974. The property was transferred to the National Park Service in 1975 for incorporation into the park. The district comprises a number of rustic cabins on the Colorado River. Operations existed on both sides of the river, first known as the Holzwarth Trout Ranch and later as the Never Summer Ranch. All but Joe Fleshut&#39;s cabin have been removed from the east side of the river.</p><br>
<p>John Holzwarth Sr. was a saloonkeeper in Denver. In 1916 Colorado enacted prohibition, leading Holzwarth to try homesteading at Grand River. The opening of the Fall River Road over the mountains to Estes Park in 1920 created an opportunity for Holzwarth to take in guests. The operation was taken over by John Holzwarth Jr., who ran it until 1973 when The Nature Conservancy bought the property.</p><br>
<p>Individual cabins include the original homestead, known as the Mama Cabin, the Rose Cabin, and other service buildings and guest cabins.</p><br>
<p>The Holzwarth Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 2, 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Yale Steam Laundry is a historic residence located on 437–443 New York Avenue, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Mount Vernon Square neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original Yale Steam Laundry complex includes three, Neo-Renaissance, and Colonial Revival facilities built in 1902, 1919, and 1924, to the designs of architect Alfred B. Mullett and Thomas Francis, Jr. The laundry closed in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The building was redeveloped as condominiums by Scott Fuller, designed by architect John Ronan, and completed in 2008.</p><br>
<p>The original buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1999. In addition, the buildings are designated as contributing properties to the Mount Vernon Square Historic District, listed on the NRHP in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Beatrice Willard Alpine Tundra Research Plots were established in 1959 along Trail Ridge Road in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, above the treeline in an alpine tundra habitat. The plots were used by Beatrice Willard of the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research at the University of Colorado from 1959 to about 1999 in a long-term study of the alpine ecosystem. Willards dissertation and updates, as well as her book Land Above the Trees: A Guide to American Alpine Tundra were highly influential in studies of alpine and tundra ecology. Her recommendations were used by the National Park Service in its management of the high alpine areas of the park. Willards work continued after she moved on to other work, and for the last twenty years she made informal visits to the plots.</p><br>
<p>There are two plots. The Rock Cut Plot is at an elevation of 12,110 ft near the Rock Cut parking area. The research plot is 5 ft by 20 ft, within a 50 ft by 40 ft enclosure. A 3 ft fence keeps park visitors from disturbing the plot, and is marked by an explanatory sign. An old footpath runs through the plot, and was monitored to establish rates of regrowth on the tundra. The Forest Canyon Plot is at an elevation of 11,716 ft, measuring only 10 ft square, originally protected by a metal fence. It is close to the Forest Canyon Overlook.</p><br>
<p>The plots were placed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 25, 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Fern Lake Trail in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, runs 4.8 mi from Moraine Park in the eastern part of the park westward to Fern Lake, the first portion of the trail following the course of the Big Thompson River. The trail was first informally established in the late 1880s as a way to get to "The Pool," a wide spot in the Big Thompson where a small lodge predated the 1915 establishment of the park. The trail was improved by the Estes Park Protective and Improvement Association between 1907 and 1912, with a new bridge at The Pool. Two years later the trail was rebuilt to maintain no more than a 10% grade and to provide better access to Fern and Marguerite Falls. In the 1920s Fern Lake became a popular winter destination for skiing, complete with a lodge. From 1933 the trail was rebuilt over three years with Civilian Conservation Corps labor, building retaining walls and adjusting the trail&#39;s alignment.</p><br>
<p>The Forest Inn at The Pool closed in 1951, and Fern Lake Lodge closed in 1960. Folksinger Judy Collins and her then-husband Peter Taylor ran the lodge in the summer of 1958, welcoming hikers a respite from the trail. It was demolished by the Park Service in 1968 as they eliminated concessions within the park. The trail is notable for its association with early tourism development in the park and for its Civilian Conservation Corps-executed construction. The Fern Lake Trail was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 28, 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Morris Ranch Schoolhouse is a ranch school located on Morris Ranch Road, 8.5 mi southwest of Fredericksburg in Gillespie County, in the USA state of Texas. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1981. Designed by Alfred Giles, who also designed the 1882 Fredericksburg Memorial Library, the schoolhouse was built in 1893. Winning thoroughbred trainer Max Hirsch began his career on Morris Ranch and attended classes in the schoolhouse.</p><br>
<h2>Schoolhouse</h2><br>
<p>The schoolhouse was originally part of the larger Morris Ranch, which was established in 1856 for horse breeding. After the ranch was converted into a thoroughbred horse breeding community, the schoolhouse was added to the property in 1893. The structure was built with a steeple and bell, doubling as a church. It was used by Episcopal, Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian congregations. As a youth while a trainer at the ranch, Hall of Fame thoroughbred trainer Max Hirsch attended both school and church at the schoolhouse.</p><br>
<p>In 1931, the school on its separate 9 acre was deeded to Gillespie County. The school belonged to Morris Ranch Consolidated Common School District no. 40. In 1962, Fredericksburg Independent School District absorbed the Morris Ranch school district. The schoolhouse is currently under private ownership and not in use by the public.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The 1893 schoolhouse was designed by San Antonio architect Alfred Giles in the Richardsonian Romanesque style of native limestone. By the time of this project, Giles had already designed or remodeled San Antonio&#39;s old courthouse, the 1882 Gillespie County courthouse (now the Fredericksburg Memorial Library), the 1884 Wilson County Courthouse, the 1886 Presidio County Courthouse, and the 1886 Kerr County courthouse. He had also, by this point in his career, designed a number of historic homes in San Antonio.</p><br>
<p>The one-story schoolhouse was designed in a Cruciform shape, an architectural style named for its resemblance to a cross. It rests on a foundation of ashlar limestone blocks, with smooth limestone block walls. Cornerstones at each corner project outward. The center section, which divides two east-west facing sections, has an entrance facing southward, with sharply inclined gables higher than the other two wing sections of the house. The south section has a covered entrance way on its east side, and an identical covered entrance way on its west side. The middle center section is topped by a bell tower and served as a church and community gathering hall. The fronts of both the south and the west of the middle section each has two stone chimneys. The identical east and west gabled wings were reserved for the school classrooms. Window designs on the ends of all the gables were repeated triple windows topped by a singular rectangle opening. Indoor plumbing was installed in 1949.</p><br>
<p>The Rattlesnake Springs Historic District is part of an isolated unit of Carlsbad Caverns National Park, surrounding a spring that creates an oasis in the Chihuahuan Desert. The area was homesteaded and farmed in 1880 by William Henry Harrison. Harrison, who claimed kinship with USA President William Henry Harrison, established the Harrison ditch system to irrigate the lands, which remains in existence, and which is responsible for the landscaped appearance of the area today. Harrison died in 1930, and the National Park Service acquired the property as a source of water for the national park, 6 mi to the north and west. The Park Service built a number of structures in the Territorial Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The Park Service, with assistance from Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) laborers, removed most of the homestead structures and continued to landscape the area. A CCC camp was established at Rattlesnake Springs. During the latter part of World War II, the now-abandoned CCC camp was used as a recreation center for military personnel from a nearby airfield, but was demolished by the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Later Park Service structures were designed by Ken Saunders and Del Jones at the Park Service Branch of Plans and Designs in Santa Fe. Notable structures include the 1940 Ranger&#39;s Residence and the 1933 Pump House designed by William G. Carnes in the Pueblo Revival style. A fruit orchard established by Harrison and landscaping created by the Park Service also are considered contributing elements to the historic district.</p><br>
<p>The Rattlesnake Springs district was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 14, 1988. The area is noted for the number of bird species it supports in the otherwise arid region.</p><br>
<p>Crystal River Tourist Camp  is a motor inn built in 1932 in Cave City, Arkansas. It is the oldest operating motor court in the state. It is built of fieldstones from the Ozarks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prince Matlock built the motel in 1932 by setting thousands of rocks from the area. He used geodes and quartz as decorative rocks and created many designs of crosses and animals to add to the rock walls. Underneath the motel is a large cave for which Cave City is named. The subterranean Crystal River runs through the cave&#39;s five chambers.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The motel was abandoned for several years before being purchased and restored. It is now reopened as the Cave Courts Motel.</p><br>
<p>Crystal River Tourist Camp, Sign.jpgTourist Camp sign</p><br>
<p>Crystal River Tourist Camp, Building Detail.jpgFieldstone building detail</p><br>
<p>Brooks Mansion is a Greek Revival plantation house and Category II Landmark owned by the District of Columbia government. It is located at 901 Newton Street, Northeast, Washington, D.C., in the Brookland neighborhood, next to the Brookland–CUA .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was built around 1840 by Col. Jehiel Brooks, a veteran of the War of 1812 who married Ann Margaret Queen, daughter of One of the largest landowners in the District of Columbia. After returning from the Red River Indian Agency, they lived on a 246-acre plantation that they dubbed Bellair.</p><br>
<p>In 1887, the house and land were sold to an Ida U. Marshall, who sold to Benjamin F. Leighton and Richard E. Pairo. They subdivided Bellair, and developed the suburb of Brookland. The mansion house and 2 acres were sold to Elizabeth Varney, who operated a boarding house.</p><br>
<p>In 1891, the Marist Brothers bought the Brooks mansion. Three years later, they added a wing to the house. Eventually, they sold the house to the Benedictine Sisters.</p><br>
<p>In 1905, the Benedictine Sisters of Elizabeth, New Jersey moved to the Brooks Mansion. In 1906, they founded St. Anthony&#39;s Academy for young children, and operated a shelter for women.</p><br>
<p>In 1911, the Catholic University of America began educating the sisters at the mansion.</p><br>
<p>In 1928, women were admitted to Catholic University of America, and the mansion became St. Anthony&#39;s High School.</p><br>
<h3>Public ownership</h3><br>
<p>In 1970, Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority bought the mansion. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on July 17, 1975. It was bought by the DC government in 1979, and is used by the Public Access Corporation for the District of Columbia (DCTV). It was named as an endangered place by the D.C. Preservation League in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. James L. Lovvorn House, built about 1895, is on a corner lot, at 113 East College Street, Bowdon, Carroll County, Georgia, at the intersections of GA 100 and GA 166. The owner, Dr. James Lewis Lovvorn , was a graduate of Bowdon College; Medical College of Georgia, Augusta; and University of Georgia Medical Department, 1886. He was the son of Edward M. and Nancy C. Lovvorn, of Randolph Co, AL.</p><br>
<p>On December 30, 1888, he married Miss Carrie M. Johnson (1867–1959), the daughter of Thomas P. and Milly Ann King Johnson. Having bought their lot from John Shelnutt in 1888, Dr. Lovvorn and his wife planned the house with gas lights and a fireplace in every room. The architect was George F. Barber. Dr. Lovvorn&#39;s medical office was on the first floor. The Queen Anne style house has East Lake-style woodwork throughout and was privately owned and occupied in 2010. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, #88000595.</p><br>
<p>The Cozens Ranch House in Fraser, Colorado was built by William  Cozens, sheriff of Central City after he married Mary York. Mary insisted that they leave the wild mining town, so the Cozens family relocated to Grand County, where they started a ranch in 1874. The homestead was the first in the Fraser Valley. The original two-story ranch house was constructed in 1874. A stagecoach stop was added in 1876, where travelers coming up Berthoud Pass could stop for a hot meal or a room for the night. At its height the ranch comprised over 600 acre.</p><br>
<p>Mary Cozens willed the property to the Jesuits at Regis College who renamed the property "Maryvale" and use it as a summer retreat from the 1920s to the 1980s.</p><br>
<h2>Cozens Ranch Museum</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1990s, the Jesuits gave the property to the Grand County Historical Association who then restored it to its 1870s conditions. It opened to the public in 1991 and has been continuously operated as a museum. The museum itself has twelve rooms of exhibits focusing on local history topics.</p><br>
<p>It is currently the only history museum in the Winter Park-Fraser Area.</p><br>
<p>The Cozens Ranch was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 9, 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Thomas Hynes House on East Main Street  in Aspen, Colorado, United States, is a wooden building from the 1880s. In 1987 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of a group of historic properties in the city.</p><br>
<p>It is one of Aspens remaining miners cottages from its early years as a silver boomtown. Since it has never been significantly altered, it is considered one of the best examples remaining. Today it is used as one of Nobu Matsuhisa&#39;s eponymous Japanese restaurants.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The house occupies a small lot at the southeast corner of East Main and South Monarch streets. The area is generally built up, where the commercial development of downtown Aspen begins to transition to the residential West End. Most of the neighboring buildings on that side of the street are small one-story structures, either commercial or, like the Hynes house, former houses adapted for commercial purposes. Across the street are generally taller buildings, with the Hotel Jerome, also listed on the Register, at the opposite end of the block. The terrain is generally flat, between the foot of Aspen Mountain to the south and the Roaring Fork River to the north.</p><br>
<p>The building itself is an L-shaped one-story clapboard-sided wood frame structure on a sandstone foundation. It is topped by a steeply pitched cross-gabled shingled roof pierced by brick chimneys in the center of each section. The chimneys have corbeling below their caps.</p><br>
<p>On the north (front) and west are porches, some with trim reflecting its current use. The north porch has a flat roof with ornate frieze supported by pillars. Next to it is a large double-hung window with pent-roof top. On the west is a large bay window, supported by sawn wood brackets.</p><br>
<p>Inside the building has been completely remodeled for the restaurant. It follows the Japanese aesthetics of the food. The owner describes the interior as "a modern design that is cool and urban to the nth degree".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Aspen was founded in the late 1870s by prospectors drawn over the Continental Divide into the Roaring Fork Valley from Leadville. They sought, and found, silver in the mountains. The small settlement at the confluence of Castle Creek became the busiest of the mining camps in the area, soon evolving from a rough collection of tents and log cabins to a permanent and growing city.</p><br>
<p>Miners began building small cottages for themselves to replace the log cabins as they became prosperous. The Hynes house, with its L-shape, steeply pitched cross-gabled roof, porches, and bay window, epitomizes the form. Those cottages were themselves often demolished for larger houses, or, after the collapse of the silver market following the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in the Panic of 1893, allowed to fall into neglect during the long "quiet years" that followed until the development of the ski resort in the mid-20th century turned the city&#39;s economy around.</p><br>
<p>Little is known about Hynes beyond that he was a miner, built the house around 1885, then had moved to South Aspen Street sometime before 1893. The next owner, a doctor, made several improvements in 1892. During the quiet years, a sale for $500 ($ in modern dollars) was recorded in 1918 to Homer VanLoon, Pitkin County&#39;s first welfare director.</p><br>
<p>As the city grew again, the house remained standing. It passed through several owners and was never seriously altered. In 1998 chef Nobu Matsuhisa, who had become famous for blending elements of Western and Latin American cuisine into traditional Japanese dishes, remodeled the house and opened one of the restaurants bearing his last name there. It has since become one of the city&#39;s most popular and best-regarded eateries. Reservations must be made a month in advance.</p><br>
<p>The ZCBJ Hall, also known as Community Hall, is a building in Haugen, Wisconsin, United States, that was built in 1910. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It historically served as a meeting hall for the Czech community.</p><br>
<p>It is a 50 x single-story frame building with a stage and with a partial basement. It was built in three stages, the first believed to have been by the local members of the Zapadni Cesko Bratrska Jednota (ZCBJ), or Western Czech</p><br>
<p>Fraternal Union, around 1913. It was doubled in size the next year. A 1915 expansion added the last third of the building, including the stage and a basement, and added a new roof joining all three sections. The first 50 ft has just a wooden foundation; the last section has a concrete foundation.</p><br>
<p>The Milner Pass Road Camp Mess Hall and House was built in 1926 was built to support construction crews working on the new Trail Ridge Road in the vicinity of Milner Pass in Rocky Mountain National Park in 1926. The 35 by log structure was designed by Daniel Ray Hull of the National Park Service and represents one of the earliest examples of the National Park Service rustic style in the park. The interior is divided into three rooms. Its original use was as a dining facility and residence for Park Service personnel.</p><br>
<p>The Milner Pass Mess Hall was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 20, 1987.</p><br>
<p>The Old Naval Hospital is a historic building located at 921 Pennsylvania Avenue, Southeast Washington, D.C., in the Capitol Hill neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In March 1864, president Abraham Lincoln asked Congress to construct the hospital. It was constructed in July 1866, for $115,000. Designed to accommodate 50 patients, the new hospital had good ventilation, running water, and gas lighting.</p><br>
<p>In 1906, the hospital moved to its new facility at Observatory Hill, 23rd Street, and E Streets, N.W.</p><br>
<p>In 1922, the building became the Temporary Home for Veterans of All Wars. The property is still owned by the federal government but its jurisdiction was transferred to the District of Columbia in 1962. The building was vacant for many years.</p><br>
<p>The Friends of the Old Naval Hospital has raised money to restore the building, at an estimated cost of $12 million. The plan is for the Hill Center to be a facility for education and community life on Capitol Hill. Restoration started in June 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Thunder Lake Patrol Cabin is a small structure in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Built in 1930, the 12 ft by 16 ft cabin may have been built as a simple shelter, but has more recently been used on an occasional basis as a backcountry patrol cabin in the Wild Basin area. The one story one-room log cabin is not used in the winter, but does have a stove with a stone fireplace. The main cabin is gable-roofed, with a small shed-roofed porch, and is a good example of the National Park Service rustic style. The logs are saddle-notched, projecting an increasing distance at their ends from top to bottom.</p><br>
<p>The Thunder Lake Cabin was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Hannah Maria Libby Smith House, also known as the Arnel Milner Home, is a historic house located in Provo, Utah, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Hannah Maria Libby Smith House</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1878, this home is one of the best preserved vernacular residences in Provo. Hannah Maria Libby Smith was the wife of George A. Smith, an apostle of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Their son, Charles Warren Smith, built the home during a three-year period. Hannah lived there the rest of her life, raised five children and her nephew, John Henry Smith, from the time he was two, because his mother, Hannah&#39;s sister Sarah Ann Libby, had died of "consumption"/tuberculosis about 1849. His son, President George Albert Smith, later became a president of the LDS Church. The Hannah Maria Libby Smith House was designated to the Provo City Historic Landmarks Register on March 21, 1996, and to the National Register of Historic Places in Utah County, Utah on February 14, 1980. It has been passed down through the family.</p><br>
<h3>Structure</h3><br>
<p>A one-story orange brick home, the Hannah Smith house is built on a rubble rock foundation. The home includes gabled roofs, double hung windows, original glass and woodwork, and wood siding for the dining room, kitchen and bathroom areas. The most unusual decor is the Federal-style lintel with brackets topping all of the windows, which are unusually large six-on-six windows.</p><br>
<p>The home is still primarily original with many authentic features highlighted in a 2006 restoration. The original four rooms of brick were augmented by two more in wood which connected with the Granary building at the back of the house by 1890. The raised granary has a back door extant which was used for deliveries, but is too far off the ground to have been used for over 75 years. Before the harvest, the area was used as a summer kitchen. Although the back porch is a replacement of its predecessor, the front porch is original with the house, The two fireplaces served rooms on both front and back with brick made in Utah and one has been restored to the original oak-veining. The parlor shared a fireplace with a bedroom; the central living area adjoined Hannah&#39;s bedroom.</p><br>
<p>The twelve-foot high cove ceilings are original, with one chandelier dating to the 1920s. The floors are also original, and were sanded, patched and refinished during the restoration. The panel above the built-in china cupboard in the living room was concealed until discovered and restored in 2006.</p><br>
<h3>Hannah Maria Libby Smith</h3><br>
<p>Hannah Maria Libby was born June 29, 1828, in Ossipee, Grafton, New Hampshire. She and her sister, Sarah Ann Libby (who was ten years older) both married George Albert Smith, an apostle serving in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Sarah on 20 November 1845, Hannah on 26 January 1846 in the city of Nauvoo, Illinois. At the time she was his sixth wife, her sister his fifth.</p><br>
<p>Leaving her home in Illinois with her husband in 1846 to migrate to Utah, she and many other families waited at Winter Quarters, Iowa, while her husband made the rest of the journey before returning for her in 1847 to transport them there. She traveled with her sister and fellow wife, Lucy Merserve Smith in the George A. Smith/Dan Jones Company that left Kanesville on June 22, 1849, and arrived in Salt Lake City on October 27, 1849. Her sister was sick with tuberculosis in Winter Quarters and traveled in the wagon while Hannah herded cattle and cooked and took care of children. Once in Salt Lake, they shared a room until a home could be built. Sarah died 12 June 1851 when her only child was two, and Hannah raised him as her own.</p><br>
<p>In 1852, George A. Smith was called to settle the southern area of Utah, and took Hannah and Lucy to Utah Valley and settled them in what was to become the city of Provo. Lucys two children had died very young, but she and Hannah were a good team. The carpet that they wove for the Provo Tabernacle was so uniform that no one could tell where ones work left off and the other began. When their husband became ill, Lucy moved back to Salt Lake City to take care of him. He died 1 September 1875.</p><br>
<p>Hannah&#39;s oldest child, Charles Warren Smith, was born 16 January 1849 in Carbunca/Kanesville, Pottawatamie, Iowa, four months after his half-brother, John Henry. Sarah Maria was born 1 January 1856 in Provo during a very hard winter. Her sister, Eunice Albertine was born four years later, 6 March 1860 in Provo, but died 4 October 1861 in the fall of the next year. George Albert Smith, the second of that name was born 7 April 1862 in Provo, but also died young on 28 October 1863. Hannah had Grace Libby Smith on 14 May 1865, four years after the Provo Tabernacle was completed.</p><br>
<p>"The Smith wives, though often geographically scattered, cooperated economically, those in outlying settlements sometimes sending handwoven fabric to wives in Salt Lake City who sent back dyed cloth or sewn clothing. Many plural wives were economically independent or interdependent because of their husbands’ intensive involvement in missionary and colonization efforts"</p><br>
<h2>History of the home and the women of 315 East Center</h2><br>
<p>After the death of George A. Smith in 1875, Hannah sold her previous home on 2nd North 5th West to finance the house while it was being built. She lived here until she died in 1906. Her youngest daughter, Grace Libby Smith, married Joseph Edwin Cheever (born 26 February 1865) on 12 June 1889 in Manti, Sanpete County, Utah and they moved in with Hannah. The picture is of Hannah and Grace & Joseph Cheever and some of Hannah&#39;s 26 grandchildren in front of her house at 3rd East and Center. Grace Libby stayed in the home until she died in 1939. Of her eight children, two—Grace Smith Cheever, born 8 August 1901 and Tirzah Libby Cheever, born 7 October 1903, lived in the house from their births until their deaths.</p><br>
<p>Grace cared for her ailing mother and father and her younger sister, Tirzah who was handicapped and confined to a wheelchair. She was an extraordinary woman who personified the word "grace" itself during her many years of service. She worked as an executive secretary at Ironton Steel and was active in womens business organizations. She served in many positions with the Young Womens organization of the LDS Church, as well as served on the Young womens General Board for many years. She helped organize and build a large lodge behind Mount Timpanogos (near Sundance) that was a young womens camp for decades until acquired by BYU. On 22 September 1951 she married Arnel Seaton Milner, born 9 January 1896. They kept house until she died in there in 1974, and Arnel Milner passed it on to daughter Beth Milner Raynes when he died on 19 October 1987. Arnel Milner made arrangements to sell it once to the Utah County Heritage Foundation as a place for women to "meet in small groups, talk, read, write, study and create." The home still possessed its original interior and furnishings, including furniture that had come across the plains. The funding didn&#39;t come through, and Beth and her husband, Lincoln Raynes lived in it for a number of years, as well as rented it to students and families.</p><br>
<p>Their daughter, Marybeth received the house from her parents in 2003. Because of her close connection with her grandmother, as well as living in the house several times as a young person, she decided to restore the house, keeping in mind historical accuracy. After three years, she held an Open House upon its completion. She continues to provide access for the Provo Tour of Historic Homes. Utah Valley Visitor&#39;s Bureau publishes a self-guided booklet called "Historic Provo" yearly.</p><br>
<p>The house today is focused on women and their crafts today as it was 135 years ago. Harmony Provo offers classes as well as the materials for women&#39;s home industries.</p><br>
<p>Hannah&#39;s House continues to be a valuable historical link in the city of Provo today.</p><br>
<p>The George Angus and Martha Ansil Beebe House is a historic house located in Provo, Utah, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1903, exemplifying the Queen Anne Style, the Angus Beebe House was constructed for Angus G. Beebe. “The style and substance of the home suggest the aspirations to fashion of many second-generation Provo residents (Historic Provo p. 26).” This home was entered in the national register for the state of Utah on October 31, 1980, and was designated to the Provo Historic Landmarks Registry on March 7, 1996.</p><br>
<h3>Physical Appearance</h3><br>
<p>Built in 1903, The Angus Beebe House is clearly influenced by the Queen Anne Style, as illustrated by the square, stubby tower with bell-cast roof which extends through the porch roof. The significance of the architecture of this home is not only in the Queen Anne Style as mentioned, but in the complex roof and the short projections from the mains section of the house which creates the slight cruciform plan. The simpleness of the decor of the home, such as the bracketed cornices and the gable sections reflect both modesty and style. Another interesting fact about the structure of this home is that it helps create a symmetrical corner lot. "The two street facades are near mirror images of each other from the corner of the porch to the gabled projection.</p><br>
<h3>George and Martha Beebe</h3><br>
<p>George Angus Beebe, the man who originally owned this house, was the son of a flour-milling family. Born to parents George Beebe and Hester Ann Rogers Beebe, George was born on February 29, 1872, in Pok City, Iowa. Beebe was at one time employed as a bookkeeper of the Provo Roller Mills and later a founder of the Beebe Lumber company. Eventually, Beebe married a woman named Martha Ansel Barrett Beebe, who died in 1946. George died two years earlier at the age of 72, on March 15, 1944. The home in which he lived is still in good operating condition, especially the interior.</p><br>
<p>The Charles E. Davies House is a historic house located in Provo, Utah. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is currently a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Charles E. Davies House * 388 West 300 North * Provo, Utah</h2><br>
<p>The Charles Davies House was built about 1885. “The house, a double-gable H-plan type, is the only example of the H-plan in Provo and its distinctive Victorian bay windows make it one of the best examples of such houses in the state (Historic Provo p. 8).” The Charles E. Davies House was designated to the Provo City Historic Landmarks Registry on March 7, 1996.</p><br>
<h3>History of House Ownership</h3><br>
<p>David L. Van Wagenen purchased the home in 1907 from Charles E. Davies, and continued to live there until 1922 even after he sold it in 1912. The house then passed to Eliza Smith Stewart, and then to Thomas Callister in the year 1918. In 1920 the title passed to Georgianna Parry in 1920, who sold the house three years later to Clyde Bunnell. The Bunnells retained the home until 1929 when the property was attained by Ray Barrett. Madeline Hales purchased the house in 1945, and the very same year sold it to Arthur S. Roberts. The title went to Clark S. Nelson in the Year 1950, where it remained until it was sold to Dr. Orlo Allen in 1956. Allen sold the home to Howard L. Jensen in 1960, who sold it to Louis B. Jones later that year.</p><br>
<p>Harry C. and Jessie F. Franzheim House is a historic home located on Wheeling Island at Wheeling. It was built in 1897, and is a three-story shingle style dwelling. It sits on a sandstone foundation. It features a cross gambrel roof with a long slope, two round towers with curved-glass windows, and a wide front porch with Ionic order columns.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. It is located in the Wheeling Island Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The L. S. Good House or Good Mansion is a historic home located in Wheeling, West Virginia, United States. It was built in 1904 and was placed in the National Register singularly on November 28, 1988, and as part of the East Wheeling Historic District on November 22, 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>L. S. Good</h3><br>
<p>Lippmann Gut was born in Gailingen am Hochrhein, Germany, in 1855 to German speaking Jewish parents. He emigrated to America in 1873 at the age of eighteen. He arrived in Galveston, Texas with no possessions or funds. Shortly after arriving he changed his name to Lee Samuel Good to sound more native. He moved to Wheeling (it is claimed he walked there), where he opened a business, and became a naturalized citizen in 1879. His business sold imported and domestic dry goods, oils, fabrics and carpets. The store was located on Main Street in the Cotton Building but moved further down Main Street after the turn of the century.</p><br>
<p>Good married Fannie Rothchild in 1889. They had three children.</p><br>
<h3>The house</h3><br>
<p>He built his new house on 14th Street in 1904 at a cost of $7,000 in the midst of his new fortune. Good employed Millard F. Giesey, a Wheeling architect to construct his lavish residence. Giesey had already established his name in Wheeling in the later years of the 19th Century with architect Edward B. Franzheim and constructed a wide variety of buildings and homes stretching across a wide portion of West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The home was completed in 1905 and Good spent another 22 years in residence until his death in 1927. During those years he would entertain his employees with parties at his home and donated freely though anonymously as he wanted the donations to be discreet. Wheeling Park received most of his charity and its twin man-made lakes are credited to Good&#39;s funding. When Good died nearly every store in Wheeling closed for his funeral out of respect for the prominent city leader.</p><br>
<p>The house passed to one of Goods sons, Samuel Lee Good, who continued his fathers charity work and served on the Wheeling Park Commission from 1933 to 1972. Another son, Sidney, directed his father&#39;s business. Samuel lived in the house until 1920.</p><br>
<p>The house is currently owned by Dominick Cerrone, who operates Good Mansion Wines out of the historic home.</p><br>
<h2>Appearance</h2><br>
<p>The Good Mansion is a three-story Classical Revival style brick townhouse. It features a full-width porch with pairs and clusters of fluted wooden columns on sandstone plinths. The third story facade has an engaged Ionic order brick colonnade. It has a sumptuous interior.</p><br>
<p>Robert W. Hazlett House is a historic home located at Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. It was built in 1887, and is a three-story Second Empire style brick residence measuring 30 feet wide and 112 feet deep. It features a central hooded bay and a polychrome slate-covered mansard roof. The interior has many Queen Anne style details. In 1991, it housed Friends of Wheeling, Inc., a private, non-profit, historic preservation organization and four apartments.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Botten Cabin, also known as the Wilder Patrol Cabin, was built in 1929 in the Elwha River valley for Henry H. Botten. The hunting cabin is located in the backcountry of what in 1938 became Olympic National Park in the USA state of Washington. The remote cabin was built by local settler Grant Humes for Botten, who used it until his death in 1953. Botten&#39;s widow continued to apply for special use permits into the 1960s. More recently, the National Park Service has used the cabin as a backcountry patrol cabin. The cabin is one of only two former private hunting camps left in Olympic National Park.</p><br>
<p>The cabin is constructed of logs with unusually fine dovetail-notched corners. The one-story cabin measures 11 ft by 17 ft and rests on a dry-laid rubblestone foundation. The gabled roof extends to create a porch at one end, with wood shakes on the gable, with a wood shingle roof. A porch once extended across the long side of the house with a shed roof, but was damaged by a falling tree and removed. The cabin retains some of its original furnishings.</p><br>
<p>The Botten Cabin was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 13, 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Episcopal Church of the Good Shepherd is an historic Carpenter Gothic style Episcopal church building located at 1001 Hearst Street at Ninth Street  in Berkeley, California. Built in 1878, it was designed in the Carpenter Gothic style of architecture by architect Charles L. Bugbee who was associated with his father Samuel C. Bugbee in the San Francisco firm of S. C. Bugbee & Son. Charles L. Bugbee patterned it after the Carpenter Gothic style Mendocino Presbyterian Church, which the firm had designed in 1867. While all of the Mendocino church&#39;s exterior walls are of board and batten siding, only the upper walls of Good Shepherd are board and batten while the lower walls are of Dutch lap weatherboarding. Both churches feature tall side-entrance bell towers, steep gabled roofs and lancet windows, but according to writer Daniella Thompson: "...the Church of the Good Shepherd is considerably more ornate and playful than its severe Presbyterian model..." On December 15, 1975, Good Shepherd became the second building in Berkeley to be named an Historic Landmark. On December 1, 1986, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Church of the Good Shepherd-Episcopal.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>The Episcopal Church of the Good Shepherd is still an active parish in the Episcopal Diocese of California. The current priest-in-charge is the Reverend Este Gardner Cantor. Its associate pastor is the well-known theologian William Countryman.</p><br>
<p>The Elkhorn Guard Station, also known as the Elkhorn Ranger Station, comprises four buildings in the backcountry of Olympic National Park, Washington. The station was built by the USA Forest Service between 1930 and 1934, before the establishment of the national park, when the lands were part of Olympic National Forest . The structures were designed in the Forest Service&#39;s interpretation of the National Park Service rustic style, using native materials and construction techniques. The complex was built using labor from the Public Works Administration and the Civilian Conservation Corps. The Elkhorn Guard Station is one of five surviving USFS-built guard stations.</p><br>
<p>The chief structure is the residence, built in 1933 to replace a smaller cabin that had previously served as the guard station. The 12 ft by 16 ft cabin is built of peeled logs on a stone foundation with a gable roof. One end of the roof overhangs at the gable to form a porch supported by log posts. A shed roof on the opposite elevation shelters the front door. An woodshed was built nearby in 1934, of frame construction. A barn was built in 1933 by Civilian Conservation Corps laborers, 20 ft by 20 ft in size with four stalls, a manger and a hay rack. The log barn was relocated in 1996 due to changes in the course of the nearby Elwha River. An open-fronted shelter was constructed in the early 1930s, one of six built at the time, and the only survivor. The 14 ft square shelter is saltbox-shaped with a wood floor and built-in bunk beds. The shelter was relocated at the same time as the barn.</p><br>
<p>The Elkhorn Guard Station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 13, 2007.</p><br>
<p>The Alexander Crummell School is an Elizabethan Revival school building, located at 1900 Gallaudet Street and Kendall Street, Northeast, Washington, D.C., in the Ivy City neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was designed by Snowden Ashford in 1910, and named for educator and Episcopal priest the Rev. Alexander Crummell.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1911 by Allan T. Howlson, for $44,987.00.</p><br>
<p>It was dedicated on November 23, 1911. It was closed in 1977. A community group used the school for a preschool, library, job training and daycare center. During the 1990s, the property was used by an automobile auctioneer.</p><br>
<p>In 2012 the District government, under Mayor Grey, decided to relocate tour bus parking from Union Station to the Crummell School, paving the schoolyard, fencing-in the property, and adding pylons to protect the historic building from buses running into it. Empower DC sued the DC government, and won injunctions preventing the city from actually using the historic schoolyard, dedicated to the teaching of African Americans, as a parking lot. The city, blocked from using it as a tour bus parking lot, dropped the tour bus plan in 2016, instead putting an RFP out for private developers to bid on.</p><br>
<p>It was listed by the D.C. Historic Preservation Review Board, on May 23, 2002.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, in 2003. The DC Preservation League placed it on its endangered list.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 it was part of a redevelopment plan. As of November 2020, the building is still vacant.</p><br>
<p>Lang-Hess House is a historic home located at Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. It was built about 1865, and is a two-story sandstone building with Italianate design details. An attached ‘sun porch’ was added to the house about 1935. Its builder was associated with the architect and engineers of the Wheeling Suspension Bridge, and is believed to have used “extra” sandstone to build his residence following the work on bridge.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Johnson Camden McKinley House, also known as "Willow Glen," is a historic home located at Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. It was built between 1914 and 1920, and is a -story massive dwelling built of ashlar sandstone. It consists of two wings that meet at right angles to form an L-shaped building. The front elevation features a balustraded, one-story loggia that encloses a broad verandah above the piazza. The interior has a two-story entrance rotunda, a grand salon, an English-style library and 30 or so additional chambers. The house was built for coal baron Johnson Camden McKinley and his wife Agra Bennett McKinley.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The St. Regis Washington, D.C. known for many years as the Carlton Hotel, is an historic hotel located at 923 16th and K streets, N.W. in Washington, D.C. two blocks north of the White House.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>The Carlton Hotel was built by local developer Harry Wardman and opened on October 1, 1926. It was designed in a mix of the Beaux-Arts and Neo-Renaissance styles by architect Mihran Mesrobian. Cordell Hull lived there during World War II.</p><br>
<p>Wardman was forced to sell the hotel in 1930, due to the Great Depression. The hotel was sold, along with the Wardman Park Hotel, to Sheraton Hotels on May 27, 1953. The new owners renamed the hotel the Sheraton-Carlton Hotel.</p><br>
<p>In December 1987, The Sheraton-Carlton closed for extensive renovations, costing $16 million. The hotels guest rooms were entirely gutted and enlarged, reducing their number from 250 to 200. The Sheraton Carlton began receiving guests again on October 1, 1988, the anniversary of its original opening. The hotels grand reopening was celebrated on October 6, 1988. The hotel was renamed The Carlton - An ITT Sheraton Luxury Hotel in 1991. On April 6, 1999, Starwood Hotels & Resorts renamed the hotel The St. Regis Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>In 2007, Claret Capital, a real estate investment firm based in Dublin, Ireland, purchased the hotel for about $170 million. Claret renovated the property in 2008, but the Great Recession significantly hurt both the luxury hotel industry and the Irish economy, and Claret Capital was not able to continue making payments on the loan it had secured from Barclays Capital. Barclays foreclosed on the hotel in September 2010, and announced plans to auction off the property.</p><br>
<p>Westbrook Partners, a real estate investment firm based in New York City, purchased The St. Regis from Barclays in May 2011 for $100 million. Westbrook renovated the lobby and main bar in 2013. That same year, the hotel&#39;s high-end restaurant, Adour, closed and was replaced by a more moderately priced establishment, Decanter, which was owned and managed by the hotel itself.</p><br>
<p>Westbrook Partners sold The St. Regis to Al Rayyan Tourism Investment Co. (ARTIC), a hotel and resort investment company based in Qatar, for an undisclosed sum in July 2015. Included in the purchase was a 22,000 ft&sup2, two-story building next to the hotel. ARTIC said that the hotel would continue to be branded a St. Regis.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and is designated as a contributing property to the Sixteenth Street Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Ratings and reviews</h2><br>
<p>The AAA gave the hotel four diamonds out of five in 2008. The hotel has maintained that rating every year, and received four diamonds again for 2016. Forbes Travel Guide (formerly known as Mobil Guide) awarded the hotel four out of five stars as well in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Superintendent&#39;s Residence at the Utah State Hospital is a historic house located at the Utah State Hospital in east Provo, Utah, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>This Colonial Revival style home was built in 1934. It is one of 232 structures built in Utah during the 1930s under the WPA and various New Deal Programs. The Superintendent&#39;s Residence at the Utah State Hospital was designated to the Provo City Historic Landmarks Registry on March 21, 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Historical significance</h2><br>
<p>During the time of the Great Depression, the State of Utah was hit hard economically; harder than most of the states. The state had an unemployment rate of 36 percent in 1933, which was the fourth highest in the country. The unemployment rate averaged 25 percent over eight years, between 1932 and 1940. Due to this crisis, and the fact that Utah was worse off than other states, Utah received more federal assistance than many other states. Per capita federal spending in Utah in the 1930s was 9th highest among the 48 states.</p><br>
<p>Many buildings were built with the funds now provided by the national government, such as fire stations, city halls, national guard armories, public schools and county courthouses. This building, the Superintendent&#39;s Residence, is historically significant because it represents and helps document the impact of New Deal programs enforced by the federal government during this time of crisis.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Superintendent&#39;s Residence was built in 1934 and is a beautiful -story, brick, white house. Inspired by both the Colonial Revival style and the PWA Moderne, this home has a gable roof, a long main section and one-story wings on either side of the main section. Hanging over the entryway is a stylized cornice and frieze, and above these is a balcony. The windows on this home consist of both those of the casement type, which are located on the east side wing, and the windows on the west side wing, which have elliptical fanlight arches. The home is still in good working condition.</p><br>
<p>The Z.C.B.J. Tolstoj Lodge No. 224, also known as Bohemian Hall or Tolstoj Sokol Lodge, is a historic building in rural Linn County southeast of Scio, Oregon, United States, that was built in 1911. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 14, 1995. It historically served as a meeting hall for the Czech community. The lodge organized a Czech school, in addition to hosting concerts, dances, Sokol events and Fourth of July celebrations.</p><br>
<p>The building is on Richardson Gap Road, which is named for a gap between Franklin Butte and Rodgers Mountain that separates the valleys of Thomas and Crabtree creeks.</p><br>
<p>John McLure House, also known as the Hans Phillips House, Lawrence Sands House, and Daniel Zane House, is a historic home located on Wheeling Island at Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. It was built between 1853 and 1856, and is a three-story, Federal-style brick dwelling. A two-story rear addition was built before 1870. A semi-circular columned portico and two-story, projecting side bay, were added in the late 19th century and added Classical Revival elements to the home.</p><br>
<p>A "widows walk" was placed on the roof sometime after McLures death. It was the home of Captain John McLure (1816-1893), an American steamboat master, boatbuilder, and capitalist.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. It is located in the Wheeling Island Historic District.</p><br>
<p>H. C. Ogden House, also known as the Wise-Ogden House, is a historic home located at Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. It was built in 1893, and is a -story, T-shaped, Queen Anne-style frame dwelling. It features a deep, full-width front porch with Doric order columns, a round tower with domed roof, and coursed wood shingles. The house has 5 bedrooms, 4 bathrooms, 1 half-bath, 1 kitchen, and 9 additional rooms. The house was built for Herschel Coombs Ogden , a publisher, community leader, and businessman significant in the history of West Virginia.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It is located in the Woodsdale-Edgewood Neighborhood Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Charles W. Russell House is a historic home located at Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. It was built in 1848, and is a -story, four-bay-wide, Greek Revival-style brick dwelling. It was constructed as an office and residence for attorney Charles W. Russell . It was part of the military headquarters established at Wheeling during the first winter of the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. It is located in the East Wheeling Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Godey Lime Kilns, also known as Washington Lime Kilns, are an historical industrial building ruin, located beside the interchange of Rock Creek Parkway and Whitehurst Freeway, near the western end of L Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Located on the east bank of Rock Creek, at the terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, the kilns produced lime for construction of the city of Washington, D.C. Built in 1864, by William H. Godey, the site originally included four wood-fired ovens that were used to make lime and plaster, from limestone. The business was operational until 1907, when all of the wooden structures at the site were removed.</p><br>
<p>Two of the four kilns were removed to make way for ramps between Rock Creek Parkway and Whitehurst Freeway. A partial restoration of the remaining kilns was completed by January 1, 1967. The remains were added to the National Register of Historic Places, on May 22, 1973.</p><br>
<p>Sacred Heart Cathedral is the former cathedral church for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dodge City located in Dodge City, Kansas, United States. The church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Early Masses in Dodge City were celebrated in the Union Church, which had been established by local businessmen and was used by various Christian denominations. Priests who celebrated mass there included the Rev. Felix Schwenberg and the Rev. Ferdinand Wolf. The first Sacred Heart Church was a frame Gothic Revival structure completed in 1882. The Rev. John Handly was given the responsibility by Bishop John Hennessy of Wichita to build a new church that could someday be used as a cathedral for a new diocese. Bishop Hennessy dedicated the new church on August 2, 1916.</p><br>
<p>The old church was remodeled into a school building and Sacred Heart School opened in September of the same year. As the school enrollments grew additions were made to the building in 1929, 1949, and in 1954. The present rectory was added in 1955. All the buildings in the complex were designed in the same style giving the complex a unified appearance. A new confessional was added to the church in 1949.</p><br>
<p>On May 19, 1951 Pope Pius XII established the Diocese of Dodge City and Sacred Heart Church became the cathedral. The cathedral church was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. Sacred Heart Cathedral was retained and used as part of the school facility.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Sacred Heart Cathedral follows a basilican plan without the apse. It measures 110 by. A Renaissance-style bell tower on the northwest corner of the building is capped with a silver dome and a cross. The exterior walls are clad in stucco. Semi-elliptical arched windows are located on the north and south walls. The overall simple appearance is broken on the main facade, which features a quatrefoil-star window above an elaborately carved entrance surround done in the Spanish Baroque style.</p><br>
<p>The interior features open trestle-work that is supported by rounded arches with rough-cast surfaces. The flooring is composed of quarry tile. The mural on the back wall was painted by Topeka artist George Melville Stone. It depicts the crucifixion and he included floral images of the desert region of the American Southwest, Native Americans, and a pinto pony. Three lunettes that are located over the doors of the vestibule depict the Good Samaritan, Good Shepherd, and the Angels at the Tomb. The stained glass windows were created by the Emil Frei Studios of St. Louis, and they were installed in 1948. A simpler altar replaced the original altar in 1967.</p><br>
<p>The Brooks Catsup Bottle water tower, trademarked "The World&#39;s Largest Catsup Bottle", is a water tower south of Collinsville, Illinois. It is claimed to be the largest catsup bottle in the world at 70 feet tall on a 100 foot stand with a volume of 100,000 gallons, which could theoretically hold 640,000 bottles of catsup. As a prime example of mid-20th-century novelty architecture, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The tower is most notable in its capacity as a regional landmark and as a roadside attraction.</p><br>
<p>"The World&#39;s Largest Catsup Bottle" has an official page available to look at.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The water tower was constructed in 1949 by the W.E. Caldwell Company of Louisville, Kentucky. The tower was built to supply water to the nearby Brooks catsup plant owned by the G.S. Suppiger Company.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>In 1993, the owners of the Brooks plant, Curtice-Burns, Inc., prepared to sell the property. It offered the water tower to the nearby city of Collinsville, but the city declined to purchase it due to the high projected cost of repairs and restoration. The project was completed in June 1995, and the structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in August 2002.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The tower was featured in A Program About Unusual Buildings & Other Roadside Stuff, a 2004 PBS documentary by Rick Sebak of WQED.</p><br>
<p>It was mentioned as a place Bella should visit in The Twilight Saga: Eclipse.</p><br>
<p>The College Inn  is a nationally recognized historic building in Seattle, Washington. It is located at the Northeast corner of University Way NE and NE 40th Street in the University District across from the University of Washington campus.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early 20th Century</h3><br>
<p>The Inn was originally commissioned by landowner J.R. Hendren as a corporation at it&#39;s inception on June 7th, 1908, but managed by Emily Cridland, at its opening in 1909.</p><br>
<p>Built by local developer Charles Cowen (namesake of nearby Cowen Park), the inn was designed in 1909 by Graham & Myers, and is one of the few remaining buildings in the Seattle area that displays classic Tudor Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>At the inns finalized construction, the University of Washington campus was hosting the Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition, a world fair dedicated to publicizing the development of the Pacific Northwest. The hotels opening day coincided with the starting date of the Exposition, serving as one of the few commercial buildings in the immediate area built in time for the event.</p><br>
<p>Following the exposition, Cowen acquired the inn, and by 1916, the property was officially rebranded as the College Hotel, marketed as a "European-style" establishment. Since, the building’s ground floor has housed various businesses, from restaurants, confectioneries, cigar shops, and other various services catering to travelers.</p><br>
<h3>Late 20th Century</h3><br>
<p>Following a complete restoration in 1979, the inn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and now stands as the oldest hotel remaining in Seattle.</p><br>
<p>This restoration included the reintroduction of the buildings historical architectural features, such as original room configurations, and a terrazzo floor with the “Ye College Inn” inscription still intact. The attic was also remodeled to include a guest breakfast room and piano lounge.</p><br>
<h3>Present</h3><br>
<p>Currently, the building still houses the original hotel (The College Inn Hotel), a restaurant, three cafes, and the unassociated "College Inn" Pub in the buildings basement.</p><br>
<h2>Trivia</h2><br>
<p>A local legend of past pub owners is the ghost of Howard Bok, a sailor who once allegedly stayed in the inn only to be murdered in a small back room of the pub (known as the Snug Room). He is rumored to play the piano that sits there after-hours to this day, and the pub even features a “Howard’s Special” to commemorate him.</p><br>
<p>The Z.C.B.J. Rad Tabor No. 74, also known as Tabor Hall, is an historic building located south of Dorchester in rural Saline County, Nebraska. It was built in 1914; a large dance pavilion was added in 1934. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 23, 1985. It historically served as a meeting hall for the Czech community, hosting Czech language classes and Sokol events.</p><br>
<p>The dance pavilion is a 24.37 m by 21.43 m addition with a hipped roof with purlins. It is ventilated by a "unique system of six-paned casement windows and lap-sided panels which hinge horizontally".</p><br>
<p>Robert C. Woods House, also known as the Jacob S. Rhodes House, is a historic home located at Wheeling in Ohio County, West Virginia, United States. It was built between 1839 and 1845, and is a -story, 13-room brick dwelling, with an Italianate-style facade. It measures 32 feet by 90 feet, with a front block 45 feet deep and rear wing of 45 feet. The front facade features curved cast-iron lintels.</p><br>
<p>Home to some of Wheeling&#39;s more prominent past business leaders, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 2, 1991. This building now serves as a clubhouse for the West Virginia Snakes Club.</p><br>
<p>Woodridge is a historic home located at Wheeling, Ohio County, West Virginia. It is a - to -story frame house clad in clapboard siding and sits on a foundation of stone and concrete. The original section was built in 1831, with additions made about 1880. It features a centered portico supported by four square columns. Also on the property is a contributing stone wall and pillars. United States Congressman Lewis Steenrod resided at the house from about 1845 to 1862.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
